Child Maintenance

Lord Kirkwood of Kirkhope: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what is their latest estimate of the income they expect to raise through the charging of fees by the Child Maintenance Service in 2014–15, 2017–18, and 2020–21, broken down by the expected fee income from (1) the £20 application fee, (2) the 4 per cent collection deduction levied on parents with care, (3) the 20 per cent collection surcharge levied on non-resident parents, and (4) enforcement fees.

Lord Freud: Table A4 in the Annex of the CSA Case Closure, Introducing CMS Fees, Supporting Family Based Arrangements Impact Assessment gives an estimate of the total income by year raised through the application fee, parent with care fee, non resident parent fee and the enforcement fee.
	This Impact Assessment, published on 22 November 2013, is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/259694/cm-case-closure-and-charges-regs-ia-final.pdf
	A breakdown of this income by type of fee is detailed in the table below.
	
		
			  Application Fee 4% Parent with Care Fee 20% Non Resident Parent Fee Enforcement Fee Total 
			 2014/15 £3.7m £4.2m £20.9m £3.9m £32.7m 
			 2017/18 £1.7m £23.1m £115.7m £4.5m £145.0m 
			 2020/21 £1.4m £27.4m £137.0m £4.5m £170.3m

Child Maintenance

Lord Kirkwood of Kirkhope: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what are the expected ten-year operational savings in the gross costs of the Department for Work and Pensions statutory child maintenance scheme as a result of closing all existing Child Support Agency cases and running the new statutory scheme (1) including fee income, and (2) excluding fee income.

Lord Freud: The vision for the future of child maintenance is to rebalance the Child Maintenance system in line with priorities around families and personal responsibility. We seek to maximise the number of effective child maintenance arrangements in place, whether made privately between parents or through the statutory scheme.
	There are currently three statutory maintenance schemes in operation; the 1993, 2003 and the 2012 scheme which opened as a pathfinder in December 2012. From 25 November 2013, the 2012 scheme opened to all new applications. This marked an end to
	applications being accepted on the 2003 scheme. Once the 2012 scheme is seen to be working well, we will begin the process of closing cases on the 1993 and 2003 schemes. Clients can then choose whether to make a family based arrangement or make an application to the 2012 scheme. Child Maintenance Options will provide a mandatory gateway service to the 2012 scheme, to ensure clients are fully informed of the choices available to them.
	We estimate around 900,000 existing client cases will be closed, with around 600,000 new applications being made to the 2012 scheme.
	The Impact Assessment for case closure and the introduction of charging sets out the costs and benefits of introducing those specific measures on the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP), as well as on other government Departments and on third parties such as parents and employers.
	Ten year operational cost savings for DWP total £413m reflecting the impact on applications, case maintenance and the introduction of annual reviews from 2013/14 to 2022/23. Fee revenues over this time are estimated at £1,199m making a total of £1,612m.
	The impact assessment can be seen at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/259694/cm-case-closure-and-charges-regs-ia-final.pdf. Figures are taken from annex 4a.

Climate Change

Lord Hylton: To ask Her Majesty’s Government in what ways they expect that the countries most vulnerable to climate change will receive help to prevent or reduce loss or damage.

Baroness Northover: Half of the UK’s £3.87 billion support for climate change through the International Climate Fund (ICF) is committed to helping poor people adapt to climate change and prevent and reduce possible loss and damage. This includes a number of programmes to reduce the impacts of extreme weather events such as typhoons and floods, and slower acting impacts such as sea-level rise, rising temperatures and increasing water scarcity.
	This is in addition to the support DFID provides in response to urgent humanitarian needs in the aftermath of extreme weather events, such as the £15m committed recently to the Haiyan Typhoon relief operation in the Philippines.

Climate Change

Lord Hylton: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what plans exist to provide technical support, information and finance for the poorest populations threatened by climate change.

Baroness Northover: Through DECC, DEFRA and DFID, the UK International Climate Fund (ICF) is providing £3.87 billion between 2011 and 2016 to help developing countries adapt to climate change, take up
	low carbon growth, and address deforestation. Half of the ICF’s financial resources are committed to provide technical support, information and finance to over 20 million of the poorest people threatened by climate change.
	For example the £150 million Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) is helping 6 million smallholder farmers adapt to climate change, at the same time as increasing their incomes through irrigation systems, drought resilient crops and better weather forecasting.

Climate Change: UN Framework Convention

Lord Hylton: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether they will report to Parliament on the results of the 19th Conference of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; and, if so, in what way.

Baroness Verma: I refer the noble Lord to the Written Ministerial Statement made by my rt. hon. friend the Secretary of State on 28 November 2013 on the recent annual Conference of Parties (COP) in Warsaw, Official Report, Column WS90:
	http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201314/ldhansrd/text/131128-wms0001.htm#13112854000076
	Ministers from the Department will also appear before the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee, on Tuesday 10 December to give oral evidence on the COP.

Communities and Local Government

Lord Kennedy of Southwark: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many times the Community Right to Reclaim Land provisions have been used since they came into force.

Baroness Stowell of Beeston: The Community Right to Reclaim Land was announced in February 2011 and the provisions have resulted in 34 requests by individuals and organisations asking to direct disposal of public sector land they consider is not being used or is not being sufficiently used.
	To underline our commitment to release more public land for sale, we are also introducing Right to Contest. In addition to existing rights, individuals, local communities, developers and other businesses will be able to challenge central Government to sell off land which is currently in use, but where there is a better use for it.

Crime: Age of Victims

Baroness Doocey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many successful prosecutions there have been under section 57 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 over the past three years where the victim has been under 18 years old.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many successful prosecutions there have been under section 58 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 over the past three years where the victim has been under 18 years old.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many successful prosecutions there have been under section 59 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 over the past three years where the victim has been under 18 years old.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government how many successful prosecutions there have been under section 4 of the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants) Act 2004 over the past three years where the victim has been under 18 years old.

Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon: The Ministry of Justice Court Proceedings Database do not include information about all the circumstances behind each case other than those which may be identified from a statute. Therefore, from these data, it is not possible to separately identify the age breakdown of victims of crime. As such, the information requested can only be obtained at disproportionate cost.

Data Protection

Lord Laird: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what steps they have taken to ensure that secret data relating to the United Kingdom's nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons fleet have not been transferred abroad without authorisation.

Lord Astor of Hever: Her Majesty's Government' Security Policy Framework (reissued in October 2013, and available at the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/255910/HMG_Security_Policy_Framework_V11.0.pdf) describes the security controls applied to United Kingdom Government assets including information (and within that, information relating to our nuclear capabilities). The policy focuses on security outcomes that are necessary to achieve a proportionate and risk managed approach that enables Government business to function effectively, safely and securely. A copy has been placed in the Library of the House.
	Departments and Agencies have information security policies setting out how they and any delivery partners and suppliers protect information assets they hold, store or process (including electronic and paper formats and online services) to prevent unauthorised access, disclosure or loss. The policies and procedures are regularly reviewed to ensure currency.

Elderly People: Falls

Lord Harrison: To ask Her Majesty’s Government when they plan to implement the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidance on Falls and Falls Prevention.

Earl Howe: This is matter for local commissioners of health and care to determine, having regard to their duties and available evidence.
	Clinical guidelines published by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) are based on a thorough assessment of the available evidence and are developed through wide consultation with stakeholders. They represent best practice and we expect the National Health Service to take them into account in its decision making.
	As a commissioner of services, NICE quality standards and clinical guidelines will enable NHS England to be confident that the services they are purchasing are high quality and cost effective and focussed on driving up quality.

Embryology

Lord Alton of Liverpool: To ask Her Majesty’s Government, further to the Written Answers by Earl Howe on 25 November (WA 240–41), whether a stimulated cycle started for treatment is counted as a “failed cycle” whenever all embryos are electively frozen to prevent severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome such that no fresh embryos are transferred; if so, how that is reflected in the success rates published by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority; and to what extent the lack of assessment of the issues identified reflects the interests of patients.

Earl Howe: The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) has advised that any cycle where all embryos are electively frozen because of a risk of severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome would be included as a cycle started in published success rates.
	The HFEA has further advised that, in their view, the lack of assessment has no impact on the interest of patients.

Energy: Plutonium

Lord Avebury: To ask Her Majesty’s Government when the Department of Energy and Climate Change intends to publish the report from the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority on the potential technologies for disposing of the plutonium stockpile at Sellafield; and what methodology they will follow in deciding which of the technologies is to be pursued.

Baroness Verma: The NDA paper forms part of the wider consideration of the policy on plutonium management. It is an important and complex issue and it is vital that Ministers have the time to consider it carefully. Only when those wider considerations have concluded will the NDA be in a position to publish this public version of its advice to DECC.
	The paper will be a public position statement prepared so as to provide information about the work that has been done and present views about the various options proposed for plutonium management. It is not and was never intended to be a final decision on the technology we will use to manage our plutonium.
	As we noted in our 2011 consultation response, there will be many steps to go through before we reach the point of taking a final decision, while this is expected to include a competitive tendering and procurement process to help secure best value to the taxpayer. Only when the Government is confident that its preferred option could be implemented safely and securely, that it is affordable, deliverable, and offers value for money, will it be in a position to proceed.

EU: Research and Innovation

Lord Boateng: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what steps they propose to take to enhance collaboration on research and innovation between Africa and the European Union in (1) agriculture, (2) tropical diseases and healthcare, (3) water management, and (4) extractive industries.

Baroness Northover: The DFID independent Research Advisory Group (RAG) chaired by the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge Professor Sir Leszek Borysiewicz held its 10th RAG meeting at the European Commission (EC) on 21st November 2013, with senior EC officials from Directorate General Development Commission and Research and Innovation.
	DFID is working with the UK Medical Research Council which contributes to the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trial Partnership (EDCTP), a partnership between 14 EU countries Norway, Switzerland and Sub-Saharan African countries.
	DFID is funding the Improving Water Security for Poor People (IWSP) programme, will produce robust evidence for decision-makers in Africa and South Asia, on how to ensure sustainable delivery of water services to multiple users at scale.

Government: Ministerial Code

Lord Hennessy of Nympsfield: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether they have tested paragraph 8.11 of the Ministerial Code discouraging Ministerial interviews with academics against the terms of their transparency policy.

Lord Gardiner of Kimble: The Ministerial Code expects Ministers to be as open as possible with both Parliament and the public. The transparency agenda strongly supports this principle. The UK is recognised as a world leader in this area and recently topped the 2013 Open Data Index survey of 70 countries. The Ministerial Code is kept regularly under review.
	Paragraph 8.11 of the Code refers to interviews about current views, for immediate or early publication and which may affect a Minister's ability to meet their wider responsibilities as a member of Government. Academic research for historical studies, or agreed later publication is a different issue, and covered separately by the Code.

Health: Family Planning and HIV

Baroness Tonge: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether they have any plans further to integrate family planning and HIV services medically, financially and administratively.

Earl Howe: The Government published, in March 2013, A Framework for Sexual Health Improvement in England, which set out our ambitions for sexual health. A copy of the Framework has already been placed in the Library. It identified key principles for effective commissioning of sexual health, including the importance of leadership and joined-up commissioning and working.
	From April 2013, responsibility for commissioning most sexual health services, including specialist contraceptive services (previously known as family planning services) and genito-urinary medicine (GUM) services, became the responsibility of local authorities. NHS England will continue to commission HIV treatment and care services. HIV treatment services are mostly provided within GUM clinics and in recent years these services have increasingly integrated with contraception provision. The Framework highlighted how this integration should continue as it is convenient for patients and can be cost-effective for providers.

Health: Ophthalmology

Lord Harrison: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what plans they have to review the findings in the report by Sir Mike Richards on the distinction between National Health Service and private care sector costs in respect of cataract operations.

Earl Howe: Following the review conducted by Sir Mike Richards in 2008, the Department issued guidance making it clear that people can pay extra for private care only if it is carried out separately from their National Health Service treatment, at a different time and place, other than in exceptional circumstances.
	It is essential that the NHS should never subsidise private care with public money, which would breach the core NHS principles; and patients should never be charged for their NHS care or be allowed to pay towards an NHS service as this would contravene the founding principles of the NHS. In order to avoid these risks it was decided that there should be a clear separation between private and NHS care.
	Decisions about funding are taken by local NHS bodies after considering how well a procedure works and whether it represents value for money for the NHS. If clinicians consider multifocal or accommodative intraocular lenses to be the most clinically effective treatment for their patients, they should contact their primary care trust to arrange funding.

Health: Patient Data Confidentiality

Lord Willis of Knaresborough: To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether patient data from general practitioners is sent to the Health and Social Care Information Centre in an anonymised or a patient-recognisable form.

Earl Howe: The Health and Social Care Information Centre will collect both anonymised and patient identifiable data depending upon the purpose served by the collection.
	Provisions in the Health and Social Care Act 2012 are designed to strengthen and clarify the role of the Health and Social Care Information Centre so that information can be collected, held securely and made readily available to those who need it in safe, de-identified formats, with crucial safeguards in place to protect the confidential data it holds.

Health: Patient Data Confidentiality

Lord Willis of Knaresborough: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what legal rights patients have to prevent their health or social care data from being sent by their general practitioner or other health or social care professional to the Health and Social Care Information Centre.

Earl Howe: Under the Health and Social Care Act, general practitioner (GP) practices are required to provide information to the Health and Social Care Information Centre in circumstances specified in the Act. Patients do not have any legal right to prevent this but the Secretary of State has directed that any objections raised by patients should be respected as a matter of policy.
	Patients can let their GP practice know if they want to object to confidential information held in their GP's system from being shared or used for any other purpose other than providing their care, except where required by law. Patients can also object to information collected nationally by the Health and Social Care Information Centre from being shared with others where it identifies them.

Health: Patient Data Confidentiality

Lord Willis of Knaresborough: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what legal right an individual whose data are stored with the Health and Social Care Information Centre has to prevent those data being used in an identifiable format for research.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government what protections are in place to prevent data stored by the Health and Social Care Information Centre being used by other government departments or their arm's length bodies without the consent or knowledge of an individual patient.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether any identifiable data stored by the Health and Social Care Information Centre can be used by commercial organisations without the consent or knowledge of individual patients; and, if so, what protections are in place to protect the identity of patients.

Earl Howe: The Health and Social Care Information Centre is prohibited by law from releasing data for research, to other Government departments or to commercial organisations, unless there is a legal basis for doing so, for example, where the patient has consented or where there is special approval for research under section 251 of the NHS Act 2006. Exceptionally data can be released where it is in the public interest, for example, in relation to serious crime. In most cases, researchers can carry out their studies using information that does not identify individuals.

Health: Pregnancy

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what assessment they have made of the scale of occurrence of placenta disintegration in pregnant women.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government what scanning programmes the National Health Service has available to detect the possibility of placenta disintegration in pregnant women.

Earl Howe: Placenta disintegration is not a recognised medical term. Therefore the Department has not made an assessment of the scale of occurrence.

House of Lords: Members

The Earl of Sandwich: To ask Her Majesty’s Government, further to the Written Answer by Lord Wallace of Saltaire on 26 November (WA 263–4), whether, and if so how, they intend to address the relative over-representation compared to population of members of the House of Lords based in London and the south-east of England compared to other regions of England, in the absence of proposed Government legislation on reform of the House.

Lord Gardiner of Kimble: As Lord Wallace of Saltaire said in his answer of 26 November (WA 263–4), Members are primarily appointed because of their expertise and experience, and the Government has no plans to change this pending more fundamental reform of the House of Lords.

Internet: Advertising

Lord Taylor of Warwick: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what steps they will take to monitor advertising in children’s online applications.

Lord Nash: The Committee on Advertising Practice's code (cap code), administered by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), was extended to digital media in 2011. The ASA is currently reviewing the success of this extension.
	‘Advergames’ (electronic games that are used to advertise a product, brand or organisation) made available on an advertiser’s own website, as downloadable applications (apps) or in social media under the advertiser’s control, must comply with the cap code, which contains specific controls on advertising to children.

Justice: Sentencing

Lord Beecham: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what steps they will take, and when, to address the incidence of refusal of bail to, and the imposition of custodial sentences on, black and minority ethnic defendants.

Lord McNally: Sentencing and decisions about whether to grant bail are entirely matters for the courts, taking account of all the circumstances of each case.
	When considering the appropriate sentence, the judge will take into consideration a number of factors; including the circumstances of the case; the impact that the crime has had on the victim, relevant case law and guidelines from the Sentencing Council. The judge will equally take into account any mitigation, which might include difficult personal circumstances, expressions of remorse. A guilty plea may also result in a reduction in sentence. Whilst the sentencing framework and guidelines apply equally to everyone, the differences in sentencing may therefore occur for a number of reasons including the types of crimes committed and the seriousness of the offence. The ethnicity of the defendant should not, of course, be a consideration.

Mesothelioma: Compensation

Lord Alton of Liverpool: To ask Her Majesty’s Government, further to the Written Answer by Lord McNally on 25 November (WA 248), in what way the Mesothelioma Bill, which is cited in the consultation on the review required under section 48 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, has a bearing on the effect of bringing into force sections 44 and 46 in respect of those who are unable to trace their insurer.

Lord McNally: I refer the Noble Lord to the answer I gave on 25 November 2013, col WA248, and to the Government's written ministerial statement of 4 December, WS28, which announced the outcome of our review under section 48 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. That review concerned the likely effect of applying the Government's 'no win no fee' reforms to the funding of litigation for diffuse mesothelioma damages claims.
	In conducting that review, the Government focused its consideration on matters relevant to such proceedings. The provisions of the Mesothelioma Bill relate to sufferers who cannot trace a defendant to sue for compensation and not those who are able to litigate. The Government has not therefore taken the Bill into account in relation to litigated cases when deciding the substance of the section 48 review. However, the Mesothelioma Bill is relevant to the timing of the application of sections 44 and 46 to diffuse mesothelioma claims, since the Government has always intended to implement any such decision in a synchronised manner with other reforms directed to improving the position of mesothelioma sufferers.

Roads: A14

Lord Jopling: To ask Her Majesty’s Government, further to the Written Answer by Baroness Kramer on 25 November (WA 252) concerning the placement of representations relating to the proposal to introduce tolls as part of the A14 upgrade in the Library of the House, whether they will now answer the question which was put to them.

Baroness Kramer: Representations received regarding the A14 Cambridge to Huntingdon improvement scheme public consultation on route options will not be put into the Library of the House.
	The Highways Agency is currently in the process of preparing a consultation report, reviewing nearly 1500 responses received during the recent consultation.
	The consultation report will be published on the Highways Agency website www.highways.gov.uk

Schools: Religion

Lord Pearson of Rannoch: To ask Her Majesty’s Government, further to the Written Answer by Baroness Warsi on 22 July (WA 164), what assessment they have made of the promotion of the Muslim tenets of abrogation and Al Hijra in British schools.

Lord Nash: The Government does not generally conduct assessments of matters of theological concern. Ofsted’s inspection frameworks for maintained schools, academies, free schools and independent schools include a focus on pupils’ spiritual, moral, social and cultural development. This enables inspectors to identify any inappropriate practice, which might undermine religious tolerance, and allows the Department to take appropriate regulatory action when necessary.

Shipping: Type 26 Frigates

Lord West of Spithead: To ask Her Majesty’s Government when they expect to place the order for 13 Type 26 frigates; when the first steel will be cut; when the first ships will reach in-service-date (ISD); and when the 13th ship will reach ISD.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government what is the expected complement of the Type 26 frigate; and whether it is senior-rate heavy.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether there will be a manpower bulge to accommodate the 13 Type 26 frigates coming into service and the disposal of the Type 23 frigates.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government whether the build rate of the Type 26 frigate will be sufficient to fill capacity at the shipbuilding yards on the River Clyde.

Lord Astor of Hever: The Type 26 Global Combat Ship (T26 GCS) programme is currently in its Assessment Phase. As is the standard practice with equipment projects, the final design, equipment fit and build programme will not be set until the main investment decision has been taken, when the design is more mature, which is now expected towards the end of 2014.
	Work is ongoing across all Defence Lines of Development to ensure the conditions are set for the service entry and acceptance of the T26 GCS; manpower planning represents one of the areas. A Unit Establishment List and total number of bunks on board has been established for planning purposes, but these figures are being revised as the design matures and the Assessment Phase concludes.

Sudan

Lord Alton of Liverpool: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what assessment they have made of reports that two Sudanese health ministry workers helping to vaccinate children in the Darfur region were killed in the week beginning 25 November.

Baroness Northover: The United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in Sudan, Mr. Ali Al-Za’tari, condemned in a press statement on 29th November the killing of two Sudanese Ministry of Health staff, a vaccinator and a driver, who were part of a team vaccinating vulnerable children against measles in West Darfur. The UK shares the UN’s condemnation of the killings, and those of others working to provide humanitarian assistance to those most in need in Sudan.

Television Licence Fee

Lord Empey: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what was the accumulated amount of unpaid television licence fees at 31 March.

Lord Gardiner of Kimble: No such figure exists. The cost of evasion is not calculated on an accumulated basis; it is a notional figure, estimated for each current year only. Therefore it would not be appropriate, or accurate, to provide an accumulative sum.

United Arab Emirates

Lord Hylton: To ask Her Majesty’s Government what representations they have made to the government of the United Arab Emirates about allegations of torture, threats of harm, absence of lawyers at official interviews and requests to sign documents
	available only in Arabic, concerning United Kingdom nationals previously imprisoned at Dubai Central Prison.

Baroness Warsi: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office takes all allegations of mistreatment extremely seriously, and acts with urgency in any case. We have a regular consular dialogue with the Emirati authorities during which we raise concerns made by British nationals, including the importance of British nationals not signing documents written in a language they do not understand. Consular issues are also regularly discussed during Quarterly Ministerial Taskforce meetings.

Young Offender Institutions: Education and Training

Lord Quirk: To ask Her Majesty’s Government, in the light of the assessment of educational standards in Young Offender Institutions by the Prison Reform Trust in its Autumn 2013 Factfile, why children in state-run young offender institutions receive fewer hours of education per week than those in private sector young offender institutions.
	To ask Her Majesty’s Government, in the light of the assessment of educational standards in young offender institutions by the Prison Reform Trust in its Autumn 2013 Factfile, what steps they are taking to improve the quality of teaching in those institutions.

Lord McNally: The figures quoted in the Prison Reform Trust’s “Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile” for Autumn 2013 date back to 2008/09.
	Currently the Government contracts for the delivery of 25 hours of educational, developmental and other productive activity for young people detained in the only private sector young offender institution, Parc YOI.
	The National Offender Management Service and education providers are contracted to provide 25 hours a week of broadly equivalent services in publicly run YOIs.
	We will shortly be responding to the Transforming Youth Custody consultation. This work will aim to ensure that education is clearly at the heart of custody, to equip young offenders with the skills, qualifications and self-discipline they need to engage in education, training and employment upon release and enable them to turn their backs on offending.